Section 40: The ethics of respect for nature.

Human centered and life centered systems of environmental ethics.

Life centered system highly value the attitude of the respect for nature. It is also the well being of individual organisms having inherent worth that demonstrate our moral interaction with the earth's wild living communities. In the anthropocentric context, human actions affecting the natural environment and its non living organisms are either right or wrong if the consequences are favourable or not to human well being and compatible with the system of norms that protect human rights. In the life-centered system, which is opposed to the human-centered, in a way that humans are bound to go by and protect the perfection of natural ecosystems. This implies the preserve of endangered species and avoid pollution which will give other species the ability to maintain healthy existence

the good of a being and the concept of inherent worth.

Why accept a life-centred system?.

The first concept to examine, is the fact that living organisms have a good of their actions. In other words, these entities can be benefited or harmed. However, it does not mean that the being should have interests or take an interest in what affects its life. It may even be unaware in some cases, such as cutting trees' roots for instance. The second concept regards the idea of inherent worth. Humans take the moral attitude to respect nature only if we see them as organisms possessing inherent worth. However, according to the principle of intrinsic value that cites that, all entities, as long as it is a member of the earth's community of life, the realization of its good is something intrinsically valuable.

The attitude of respect for nature.

The attitude of respect for nature, is when rational, autonomous agents adopt a certain ultimate moral attitude toward the world that stands for the principles of moral consideration and intrinsic value and the conceive of wild living things as having that kind of worth. Adopting such attitude is making the commitment to live by certain principles. This commitment sets the framework for our responsibilities toward the environment, and anyone who does adopt it has certain steady dispositions.

• To aim for the promotion and protection of the good of organisms.
• To consider actions that are prone to realize the ends are obligatory.

Justifiability of the nature of respect for nature.

The attitude we tend to take toward the living organisms in the nature depends on our look on the. Supporting our attitude is also a belief system. In the bio-centric system, the ethic of respect for nature is made up of three components: the belief system, the ultimate moral attitude and the rules and standards of character.

In the bio centric outlook, the earth's natural ecosystems are seen as a web of interconnected elements.

section27: The agricultural crisis as a crisis of culture.

   The agricultural crisis as a crisis of culture.

Since world war2, many farms started to meet a less diversity state, less owners and larger holding. Not to mention technology and big economics resulted in abandoned land in the country. Agriculture has driven people to many categories. those who got big and bigger, and made those who could not, kicked out of the farm communities. These farmlands where an increase of overhead, dept, and dependence on machine require an absolute revolution in the farmer's mind. What becomes more important to him is where the money is going and not where it comes from. Another point, is that food cannot be produced by technology alone. Food is a cultural product. A culture is not a collection of remains but a practical necessity, its infection evolve a disaster. A sane culture is a communal order of memory, insight, value, honour and aspiration. Necessary disciplines are also to be taken into account. Loyalty and the use of experience. Agriculture cannot live longer at the expense of the natural systems. Likewise, culture cannot survive at the expense of its agriculture or its natural sources. The latter would be a suicidal act, which drives us to live at the expense of other life.

SECTION3. Principles of conservation.

Conservation of natural resources has demonstrated a great movement in a short period of time. It was first centered around forestry, nowadays, conservation became such a known name not regarding only forests but other fields.

Conservation is governed by some principles:

first and foremost, development is indeed the first principle of conservatio. conservation does not mean, as many believe, the husbanding of resources for future generation. However, it means to provide resources for future generation with the recognition of the right of present generations to fully use the needed resources. Nevertheless, coal which is necessary essence of our civilization is present in limited supply and it is for our benefit to preserve it.

Prevention of waste comes as the second principle of conservation, waste cannot be controllable, putting efforts to stop waste is as channelling our energy to stop forest fire which is a natural process that has to occur somehow in time. However, education plays an important role in order to prevent the accumulation of excess waste.

The third principle comes as the following: the natural resources must be developed and preserved for the sake of the many and not the benefit of the few.

To sum up, conservation is a significant word that stands for the greatest good to the greatest number for the longest time, it demands application of common sense to common problems for the common good which will lead to a direct national efficiency.